Most Power In Modern Western Societies Essay Example for Free

Most Power In Modern Western Societies Essay respect the view that most tycoon in modern western societies is held by people who have non been democratically elected.It is sweard that people who have not been democratically elected hold most force in western societys, however how true is this?Throughout history people have been born into panoramas of world designer, if your father was a lord, you would most wantly in like manner be a lord.Marxists suppose that this division of authority still personify in modern society today. Unlike Functionalists who believe in a fair merocratic society, Marxists believe that the friendly class you argon born in is where youll most likely end up staying. tho this guess is critised for being far to deterministic as many another(prenominal) people from the working classes are able to pass there way up the social ladder. Marxists believe that everything designed in society is there to opt the bourgeois, from the State to the le gal system.Althusser believes that economic determinism needs to be rejected. According to Althusser, societies comprise of 3 takes The economic, the semipolitical and the ideological. Although the parsimony is determinant in the last instance, the political and ideological levels are not mere reflections of the economy nevertheless have relative autonomy and dont have effects on the economy.Stephen Lukes identified three ways in which sociologists have approached the study of power. Each involves studying a different dimension or face of power. He argues that an understanding of power requires an awareness of all three faces.The first face of power is success in decision-making (this has been adopted by pluralists). The second face of power is managing the agenda and the third is manipulation the views of other(a)s.Weber is ordinarily considered the starting point in the study of power. Unlike Marx he believed that power was not automatically united to ownership of wealth. O rdinary people with little or no m integrityy could exercise power by joining parties, not only political parties but pressure groups. He defined power as the chance of a man or a number of men to realise their own exit in a communal action even against the resistance of others.Weber defined 3 types of laterality Charismatic Authority (The type of federal agency based on charisma), Traditional Authority (The type of power based on established customs) and Rational-legal authority (The type of authority devised from impersonal rules). Weber saw rational-legal authority as the dominant form of authority in modern societies, not only armies but in any case political, religious and educational organisations. He believed that they were organised on bureaucratic lines with structures of authority and rational rules designed to stop up that power is used to achieve the goals of organisations. Webers work has been critised as the types of authority he described are beau ideal types. I deal is a model of the purest type and in reality ideal types do not exists. policy-making scientist Robert cajan pea developed Webers ideas into what has become classical pluralism. Classical pluralism represents the way in which many people believe liberal democrats such as the UK and USA operate. It suggests that such political systems are truly democratic and that power is distributed throughout society. Classical pluralists except that they have very little direct involvement in political decision-making however this doesnt mean that these societies are undemocratic. They are seen as representative democracies where citizens elect political leaders who are charged with carrying out the wishes of those who elected them.Pluralists see political parties and pressure groups as crucial for the democratic process, as through political parties we seek to gain power by putting up candidates into elections with the aim of forming a government and through pressure groups seek to influenc e those in government to follow policies which individual groups favour.Robert Dahl conducted a study of local government in New Haven and found that no-one group is seen to in truth dominate the decision-making power is therefore shared among a hunt down of groups. The idea is rejected by pluralists that democracy is accomplishable in a one-party state, since there must be opposition parties and a range of pressure groups to represent the views of those who disagree with the governing party. Pluralists claim to have solid evidence for their view of the statistical distribution of power from case studies of decision-making on a local level (Dahl) and at a national level (Hewitt)There have been many criticisms of pluralism, first of all it is believed that measuring power by examining decisions ignores non-decision making. It also ignores the detail that that people may accept and even welcome decisions which are against their interests and its is shown that some groups exercise more power than others and so is an unequal representation of interests and many interests may not be represented at all. Marxists also argue that the pluralists focus on the decisions taken by local and national governments ignores the possibility that the real centre of attention of power is elsewhere.As a result of the criticisms of pluralism many classical pluralism supporters modified or changed their positions. Robert Dahl has genuine that the unequal distribution of wealth and income in the USA makes equal political influence impossible. David Marsh describes this position as elite pluralism. elect Pluralists accept that many political interests are under represented. However, since they constitute a significant number of voters the government will eventually be forced to take note of their interests. It is received that some groups have greater access to the government than others, however they point out that governments must background conflict by consulting with a rang e of interest groups.Elite Pluralism answers some of the criticisms of classical pluralism. It acknowledges the existence of under-represented interests and accepts that power is to some degree concentrated in the hands of a few elites.However there are also criticisms of this theory. Its said to undermine the pluralist position that power is widely dispersed in capitalist societies. besides the assumption that elites or leaders act in the interests of their members is also open to question. Finally Elite pluralism like Classical pluralism fails to take into account the third face of power the ability to shape and manipulate the desires of others.Elite theorists reject the pluralist view that power in liberal democracies is widely dispersed. They argue that power is concentrated in the hands of a small minority called the elite. The elite theory was originally developed as a response to Marxism, which claimed that democracy was only possible under communism. They asserted that rul e by elites was inevitable in all societies, even communist ones. However not all views of elite theory are so pessimistic. Many modern elite theorists argue that rule by elites results from the way in which societies are organised, quite than being n inevitable feature of human society.Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca rejected the idea that real democracy was possible in either liberal democracies or under communism. They argue that in all societies and elite, a minority of individuals with superior personal qualities, would monopolise power.While Pareto and Mosca saw the elite as an inevitable thing Wright mill around saw the elite rule as a result of the structure of society which allowed a disproportionate amount of power to be held by a few individuals who occupied what he called the command posts. These individuals are called the power elite. He identified 3 key institutions as the centres of power, The Federal government, the major corporations and the military. mill arou nd believed that these 3 elites are closely related because of their similar origins, education and kinship and because there interests are in twined.Critics of Mills argue that he only showed that the elites in the USA have potential for control, he failed to show that they had actual hold control. In addition pluralist disagree with this theory and argue that there are many other elites such as pressure group leaders, religious, trade unions and so on, who can provide a pay off to these more powerful elites. Marxists also reject the notion of a power elite, arguing that real power in capitalist societies derives not from positions in institutions but from ownership and control of the means of production.In consequence it seems as though there are many different approaches to the view on power in society, whether the people are in power because they were democratically elected or whether there, there because they were born into it. However many of the views tend to ignore the pr oblems with black people and women. Why are there only 25% of women in parliament and why are there only 6 black MPs?Although functionalist believe we live in a fair merocratic society its becoming fairly obvious that we dont. Though many views have may have some truth behind them it extremely hard say that one persons opinion of power in society is wrong. It really depends if you believe in the power of the people or not.